The Pandas cheat sheet will guide you through the basics of the Pandas library, going from the data structures to I/O, selection, dropping indices or columns, sorting and ranking, retrieving basic information of the data structures you're working with to applying functions and data alignment.

GITHUB FLAVORED MARKDOWN GitHub.com uses its own version of the Markdown syntax, GFM, that provides an additional set of useful features, many of which make it easier to work with content on GitHub.com. Python Cheat Sheet cc Constants math.pi. Uses the lowercase exponential format if the exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision. Python 3 Beginner's Reference Cheat Sheet Special characters # comentand n new lineor scape char dict.get Numeric operators + addition - subtraction. multiplication / division. exponent% modulus // floor division Boolean operators equal!= different higher = higher or equal. Format Specification Mini-Language (Python 2.x documentation). Format Specification Mini-Language (Python 3.x documentation) FormatReference (last edited 2014-04-18 05:07:06 by DaleAthanasias ).

Python has had awesome string formatters for many years but the documentation on them is far too theoretic and technical. With this site we try to show you the most common use-cases covered by the old and new style string formatting API with practical examples.

All examples on this page work out of the box with with Python 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 without requiring any additional libraries.

Further details about these two formatting methods can be found in the official Python documentation:

If you want to contribute more examples, feel free to create a pull-request on Github!

Table of Contents:

Basic formatting

Simple positional formatting is probably the most common use-case. Use itif the order of your arguments is not likely to change and you only havevery few elements you want to concatenate.

Since the elements are not represented by something as descriptive as aname this simple style should only be used to format a relatively smallnumber of elements.

With new style formatting it is possible (and in Python 2.6 even mandatory)to give placeholders an explicit positional index.

This allows for re-arranging the order of display without changing thearguments.

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Value conversion

The new-style simple formatter calls by default the __format__()method of an object for its representation. If you just want to render theoutput of str(...) or repr(...) you can use the !s or !r conversionflags.

In %-style you usually use %s for the string representation but there is%r for a repr(...) conversion.

In Python 3 there exists an additional conversion flag that uses the outputof repr(...) but uses ascii(...) instead.

Padding and aligning strings

By default values are formatted to take up only as many characters asneeded to represent the content. It is however also possible to define thata value should be padded to a specific length.

Unfortunately the default alignment differs between old and new styleformatting. The old style defaults to right aligned while for new styleit's left.

Align right:

Again, new style formatting surpasses the old variant by providing morecontrol over how values are padded and aligned.

You are able to choose the padding character:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

When using center alignment where the length of the string leads to an uneven split of the padding characters the extra character will be placed on the right side:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Truncating long strings

Inverse to padding it is also possible to truncate overly long valuesto a specific number of characters.

The number behind a . in the format specifies the precision of theoutput. For strings that means that the output is truncated to thespecified length. In our example this would be 5 characters.

Combining truncating and padding

It is also possible to combine truncating and padding:

Numbers

Of course it is also possible to format numbers.

Integers:

Padding numbers

Similar to strings numbers can also be constrained to a specific width.

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Again similar to truncating strings the precision for floating pointnumbers limits the number of positions after the decimal point.

For floating points the padding value represents the length of the completeoutput. In the example below we want our output to have at least 6characters with 2 after the decimal point.

For integer values providing a precision doesn't make much sense and isactually forbidden in the new style (it will result in a ValueError).

Signed numbers

By default only negative numbers are prefixed with a sign. This can bechanged of course.

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Use a space character to indicate that negative numbers should be prefixedwith a minus symbol and a leading space should be used for positive ones.

New style formatting is also able to control the position of the signsymbol relative to the padding.

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Named placeholders

Both formatting styles support named placeholders.

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Getitem and Getattr

New style formatting allows even greater flexibility in accessing nesteddata structures.

It supports accessing containers that support __getitem__ like forexample dictionaries and lists:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

As well as accessing attributes on objects via getattr():

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Both type of access can be freely mixed and arbitrarily nested:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Datetime

New style formatting also allows objects to control their ownrendering. This for example allows datetime objects to be formatted inline:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

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Parametrized formats

Additionally, new style formatting allows all of the components ofthe format to be specified dynamically using parametrization. Parametrizedformats are nested expressions in braces that can appear anywhere in theparent format after the colon.

Old style formatting also supports some parametrization but is much morelimited. Namely it only allows parametrization of the width and precisionof the output.

Parametrized alignment and width:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

The nested format can be used to replace any part of the formatspec, so the precision example above could be rewritten as:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

The components of a date-time can be set separately:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

The nested formats can be positional arguments. Position dependson the order of the opening curly braces:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

And of course keyword arguments can be added to the mix as before:

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

Custom objects

The datetime example works through the use of the __format__() magicmethod. You can define custom format handling in your own objects byoverriding this method. This gives you complete control over the formatsyntax used.

This operation is not available with old-style formatting.

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